自獨立以來，印度一直是世俗的民主國家，被視為發展中國家向民主國家過渡的榜樣。儘管宗教，文化和語言多樣，但憲法還是建立在寬容和平等之上，以維護不同社群的和諧與和平。然而，暴力，特別是社區暴力和騷亂已引起極大關注。 2014年，人民黨在印度政治史上取得了最大的勝利，在此期間及之後，印度的集體暴力和私刑大大增加。本文將分析社區暴力案件，指出當前政府和充當政府思想指導者的印度民族主義組織，與暴力和私刑事件的關聯。本論文認為，印度民族主義者傳播集體仇恨和暴力的主要目的在於兩極分化和增進他們的政治利益。一方面，少數群體被反覆視為對國家的威脅，需要將其排除在外；另一方面，莫迪的形像被塑造為能真正保護國家免受外部威脅的人。他被認為是對維卡斯（Vikas，印度的發展）感興趣的人，並且因為他，印度才能在全球地圖上佔有一席之地。但是，問題依舊，本論文嘗試提問，在印度民族主義者手中成為一個多數控制的宗教神權國家，因而顛覆了民主，到底是真正成功走向發展，還是只不過是一個失敗的案例。

India, since its independence, has been known to be a secular democratic state and is seen as an example for developing countries aiming to transition into democratic states. Despite the diversity in religions, cultures and languages, the constitution is established on tolerance and equality to safeguard the harmony and peace in different societies. Yet, violence and specifically communal violence and riots have been a cause of great concern in the Country. In 2014, the BJP, saw its greatest victory in the history of Indian Politics during and after which India saw a significant increase in communal violence and lynching. This thesis will analyze the cases of communal violence providing evidences for the arguments that point out to the connection of the current government along with Hindu nationalist organizations that serve as ideological mentors of the government, to the incidents of violence and lynching. The thesis argues that the main aims of the Hindu Nationalists in spreading communal hatred and violence lies in polarization and to advance their political interests. On the one hand, the minorities are repeatedly posed as a threat to the nation, who need to be excluded, while on the other hand, Modi’s image is shown as the one who will truly safeguard the nation from external threats. He is posed as the one whose interest lies in Vikas (development of India) and that because of him India was put on the global map. However, the question remains, which will be tried to dealt with in this thesis, is that whether India is truly heading towards development or failing, by being transitioned it into a majoritarian and sectarian theocratic state in the hands Hindu nationalists who aim for subversion of its democracy.

Table of Contents
摘要 III
ABSTRACT IV
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF FIGURES IX
GLOSSARY X
ABBREVIATIONS XI
INTRODUCTION 1
I. BACKGROUND 1
II. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION 3
III. SUPPORTING ARGUMENT 4
HYPOTHESIS 6
IV. AIMS AND METHODS 7
V. LITERATURE REVIEW 7
VI. THESIS OVERVIEW 12
I. ORIGINS OF COMMUNALISM: HISTORICAL TRAJECTORIES OF HINDU NATIONALIST ORGANIZATIONS 14
1.1 THE CREATION OF RSS, RASHTRIYA SWAYAMSEVAK SANGH (NATIONAL CORPS OF VOLUNTEERS): A RADICAL HINDU NATIONALIST PARAMILITARY ORGANIZATION. 22
1.2 TURNING TO POLITICS: THE FORMATION OF BJP 33
1.3 RAM JANAM BHOOMI AND AYODHYA CONFLICT: THE ROLE OF THE BJP AND RSS 34
II. RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE AND COMMUNAL RIOTS IN POST INDEPENDENT INDIA 39
2.1 RIOTS: A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 40
2.1.1 Gujarat Communal Riots 40
2.1.2 Gujarat riots 2002 and the Godhra Incident 44
2.1.3 Bhagalpur riots of 1989 50
2.2 ANTI-MINORITY BIAS 51
III. INDIA UNDER BJP AND MODI RULE: 2014-PRESENT 53
3.1 STRONG EMERGENCE AND RE-EMERGENCE OF THE BJP 53
3.2 THE NEW ICON OF BJP: NARENDRA MODI 55
3.3 RE-EMERGENCE OF BJP IN 2014 57
3.4 ANTI-MINORITYISM: AIMING FOR A HINDU MAJORITARIAN STATE 58
3.5 IN THE NAME OF COW: COW VIGILANTISM 2014- 2020, 63
3.6 WHY MUSLIMS? 67
3.7 INDIA’S SOLE MUSLIM MAJORITY STATE: JAMMU AND KASHMIR 69
3.8 CAB: CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT BILL- AN ANTI-MUSLIM BILL? 70
3.9 ANTI-CHRISTIAN ATTACKS 2014-2019 75
3.10 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ATTACKS 75
3.10.1. The Failure of Law: BJP Destroying India’s Democratic Fragments 75
IV. ROLE OF MODI MEDIA AND RSS IN IGNITING COMMUNAL HATRED: TOOLS UTILIZED IN PROMOTING VIOLENCE 79
4.1 STATE SPONSORED VIOLENCE: THE ROLE OF MODI MEDIA IN HATE SPEECH DISSEMINATION AND INCITING VIOLENCE AGAINST MINORITIES 81
4.2 SOCIAL MEDIA AND POLITICS 84
4.3 BIAS NEWS AND HIDDEN AGENDAS: HINDUTVA PRINT ARMY 87
4.4 VIGILANTE CULTURE AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: UTILIZING INSTANT MESSAGING APPLICATIONS TO LYNCH 88
V. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 91
5.1 TURNING INDIA INTO A HINDU NATION: THE IMPACTS OF HINDU MAJORITARIANISM 91
5.2 EFFECTS OF HINDU MAJORITARIANISM ON MINORITIES 93
BIBLIOGRAPHY 98
REFERENCES 112
AUTOBIOGRAPHY 121

List of Figures

Figure 1: Victims’ Identity. 61
Figure 2: Reasons of Violence. 61
Figure 3: States with Highest Records of Incidents 62
Figure 4: Ruling Party/ Incidents 63

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