混和金屬氧化物(Mixed transition metal oxide)為一具有高度潛力的導電材料，其擁有比單組分之金屬氧化物高之比電容能力，透過與碳材結合應用於電容去離子，並提升其脫鹽能力。
本研究利用水熱法合成鐵酸鎳(Nickel Ferrite, NiFe2O4)，並添加不同重量氧化石墨烯(GO)進行水熱法還原成還原氧化石墨烯(rGO)並與之結合，形成NiFe2O4/rGO(NFG)複合材料並應用於電容去離子技術。首先利用SEM、TEM、EDX、Raman、XRD、XPS、TGA等分析方法對NFG進行特性的鑑定，接著透過循環伏安法(CV)以及定電流充放電法(GCD)觀察其電化學表現。根據結果顯示，本研究利用水熱法所製備之rGO於1M Na2SO4電解液下電流密度為0.6 A/g時比電容值為104.9 F/g，而鐵酸鎳(NiFe2O4)之比電容值在電流密度為0.6 A/g時為27.9 F/g。此外，NFG複合材料於1M Na2SO4電解液電流密度為0.6 A/g時比電容值提升至221.0 F/g，證明兩者的結合能夠有效地提升其比電容能力，所製備之奈米複合材料將應用於電容去離子技術之電極材料。
本研究探討了不同施加電壓下(0.8 V、1.0 V、1.2 V、1.4 V)其電吸附的能力，NFG∥NFG之電吸附能力會隨著施加電壓增加而隨之上升，在1.4 V 時有著最佳SEC(salt electrosorption capacity)為29.6 mg/g，高於NFO∥NFO電極之SEC 21.5 mg/g。另外也探討了不同初始NaCl濃度(100 mg/L、200 mg/L、500 mg/、1000 mg/L)對電容去離子效率之影響，當初始濃度為1000 mg/L時SEC為28.1 mg/g，且根據Langmuir吸附模式，NFG∥NGO電極之最大SEC可達30.2 mg/g。總結來說，鐵酸鎳/還原氧化石墨烯複合材料可以有效提升電化學性能及比電容值，進而提升其電吸附能力。

Mixed transition metal oxide is a highly potential conductive material. It has a higher specific capacitance than single-component metal oxides. It can be used in capacitive deionization by combining with carbon materials and enhance its desalination ability.
In this study, Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) was synthesized by hydrothermal method, and graphene oxide (GO) of different weights was added and reduced to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through hydrothermal method and combine with it to form NiFe2O4/rGO(NFG) nanocomposite and applied to capacitive deionization technology. First, we use SEM, TEM, EDX, Raman, XRD, XPS, TGA and other analytical methods to identify the characteristics of NFG, and then its electrochemical performances were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD). According to the results, the specific capacitance of rGO prepared by the hydrothermal method in the 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte is 104.9 F/g when the current density is 0.6 A/g, while the specific capacitance of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is 27.9 F/g. In addition, the specific capacitance of the NFG composite material increases to 221.0 F/g when the current density is 0.6 A/g in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte, which proves that the combination of the two materials can effectively improve its specific capacitance. The prepared nanocomposite material has been use in capacitive deionization technology.
This study discusses its electro-adsorption capacity under different applied voltages (0.8 V, 1.0 V, 1.2 V, 1.4 V). The electro-adsorption capacity of NFG∥NFG will increase with the increase of applied voltage. At 1.4 V, it has the best SEC (salt electrosorption capacity) is 29.6 mg/g, which is higher than the SEC of NFO∥NFO electrode of 21.5 mg/g. In addition, the influence of different initial NaCl concentrations (100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 500 mg/, 1000 mg/L) on the deionization efficiency is also discussed. When the initial concentration is 1000 mg/L, the SEC is 28.1 mg/g, and according to the Langmuir adsorption mode, the maximum SEC of NFG∥NFG electrode can reach 30.2 mg/g. In summary, the nickel ferrite/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite can effectively improve the electrochemical performances and specific capacitance, and then enhance its electrosorption capacity.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
致謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 水資源之重要性 4
2-2 水質汙染 8
2-3 海水淡化 9
2-4 水溶液去離子之方法 11
2-5 逆滲透(Reverse Osmosis, RO) 12
2-6 電透析(Electrodialysis, ED) 12
2-7 電容去離子之優點 13
2-8電容去離子技術 (Capacitive deionization, CDI) 之原理及發展應用 15
2-8-1 電容去離子之起源及原理 16
2-8-2 膜電容去離子(Membrane Capacitive Deionization, MCDI) 17
2-8-3 非法拉第效應(Non-faradaic effect) 18
2-8-4 法拉第反應(Faradaic reactions) 19
2-9 電雙層理論(Electrical double layer) 20
2-10 影響電容去離子效率之因素 21
2-11 電吸附動力學(Electrsorption kinetics) 22
2-12 等溫吸附曲線(Electrosorption isotherm) 23
2-13 活性碳(Activated Carbon, AC) 24
2-14 有序中孔碳材(Ordered Mesoporous Carbons, OMC) 24
2-15 碳氣凝膠(Carbon aerogels, CAs) 24
2-16 奈米碳管(Carbon nanotubes, CNTs) 25
2-17 石墨烯及氧化石墨烯 (Graphene, Graphene oxides, GO) 25
2-18 過渡金屬氧化物(Transition Metal Oxides) 26
2-19 尖晶石結構鐵氧體(Spinel ferrites) 26
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 30
3-1 實驗藥品與器材 30
3-2 實驗架構與流程 32
3-3 氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide, GO)之合成方法 34
3-4 還原氧化石墨烯(reduced Graphene Oxide, rGO)之合成方法 35
3-5 鐵酸鎳(Nickel Ferrite, NFO)之合成方法 35
3-6 鐵酸鎳/還原氧化石墨烯(NiFe2O4/rGO, NFG)之合成方法 36
3-7儀器之使用 37
3-7-1 X光粉末繞射儀 (X-ray Powder Diffractometer, XRD) 37
3-7-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM) 38
3-7-3 穿透式電子顯微鏡 (Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM) 38
3-7-4 比表面積分析儀 (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific area analyzer, BET) 38
3-7-5 傅立葉轉換紅外光譜 (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) 39
3-7-6 熱重分析儀 (Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA) 39
3-7-7 拉曼散射光譜儀 (Raman Spectroscopy) 39
3-8 電化學測試 40
3-8-1 電極材料製備 40
3-8-2循環伏安法(Cyclic voltammetry, CV) 40
3-8-3 電化學阻抗法 (Electrochemical impedance spectrum, EIS) 41
3-8-4 定電流充放電法(Galvanostatic charge-discharge) 41
3-9 電容去離子之實驗方法 41
3-9-1 電容去離子電極製備方法 41
第四章 結果與討論 43
4-1 氧化石墨烯及還原氧化石墨烯之初步特性鑑定 43
4-1-1結晶度比較 43
4-1-2 表面形貌 44
4-2 鐵酸鎳與鐵酸鎳/還原氧化石墨烯(NFO，NFG)之特性鑑定 45
4-2-1結晶度比較 45
4-2-2 表面形貌 46
4-2-3 比表面積之分析 48
4-2-4 XPS之分析 50
4-2-5 拉曼圖譜 52
4-2-6 TGA 54
4-3還原氧化石墨烯之電化學測試 54
4-4 鐵酸鎳與鐵酸鎳/還原氧化石墨烯之電化學測試 57
4-5 鐵酸鎳/還原氧化石墨烯之電容去離子測試 61
4-5-1 不同電壓之電容去離子表現 61
4-5-2 不同初始濃度對電容去離子效率之影響 64
4-5-3 電極材料之再生能力 66
4-5-4 電吸附動力學 67
4-5-5 Langmuir吸附模式 69
4-6 總結 71
第五章 結論與建議 73
5-1 結論 73
5-2 建議 74
參考文獻 75

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[84]台灣經濟部水利署
[85]行政院環保署