內分泌干擾素（Endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs）對人類健康的危害與時俱增，過往研究發現其會影響人體的內分泌系統，進而誘發癌症等疾病。雙酚A（Bispehenol A）是一種廣泛用於塑料工業中的內分泌干擾素，考量其在食品材料中的潛在危害, 歐盟已頒布其遷移限量（Specific migration limit, SML）為0.05毫克/公斤。量子點與辨識材料結合後可製備出雙酚Ａ感測系統，然而多建立在複雜的螢光感測機制使得靈敏度及應用性受限，且較常使用的辨識材料，如抗體、適體等，其造價較為昂貴並極易受環境影響，而人工合成的分子拓印聚合物（Molecule imprinting polymers, MIPs）中緻密的結構使得待測物較難擴散至特定結合位點，造成探針的感測靈敏度較差且響應時間長，因此發展其他便宜且對雙酚Ａ具有高靈敏度、高選擇性、快速感測的光學量子點探針為本研究目的。鑒於雙酚Ａ與苯環官能基會產生疏水（Hydrophobicity）和π-π的交互作用力（π-π stacking interaction），本研究將利用苯環修飾的直鏈澱粉（Amylose）以及含有苯乙烯共聚物的微凝膠（Microgel）分別與高靈敏的硒化鎘量子點（CdSe quantum dots）結合後，因皆含有與雙酚A化學構型契合的特殊結合位點可於系統當中特定辨識雙酚A，而其感測機制僅涉及直接的電荷轉移與否，分別為螢光回復（Fluorescence recovery）以及螢光淬滅（Fluorescence quenching），最終所形成的兩種奈米尺寸探針使雙酚A能有效快速地與結合位點作用，成功開發出對雙酚A具有高選擇性、高感度和快速響應的量子點探針。這兩種探針皆具有廣泛的檢測範圍（1.0×10-1-1.0×105　μg/L）、低偵測極限（LOD，分別為3.0×10-2及7.0×10-2 μg/L）和快速響應時間（2-5分鐘），且無需繁瑣的前處理即可應用於自來水及飲用水中的感測之中，此外本研究亦探討對於五種內分泌干擾素（phenol、pyrene、 E2、2,2’-BPF、4,4’-BPF）的感測特性，結果皆顯示因為特殊結合位點的存在使兩種探針對雙酚A的感測能力高於其它內分泌干擾素。

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a global environmental concern due to their suspected carcinogenic properties. One particularly worrisome phenolic EDC is bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely used as an additive in the plastic industry. In response to the potential threat, the European Union (EU) has set a specific migration limit (SML) of 0.05 mg/kg for BPA in plastic food contact materials (Regulation No 10/2011). To address the hazards of BPA in our daily diet, various quantum dots (QDs)-based sensors have been proposed. These sensors possess easy preparation and the ability to adapt to different sensing requirements. Several materials, such as antibodies, aptamers, and molecule imprinting polymers (MIPs), have been coupled with QDs to construct probes for BPA detection. However, achieving the right balance between sensitivity and cost using these materials has proven challenging.
This project proposed two quantum dots (QDs)-based detection systems. The first system utilizes a functionalized amylose/QDs composite to create an aptamer-mimetic sensing system. The second system employs fluorescent copolymer/QDs microgels as the sensor. These systems created cavities that surrounded specific moieties, enabling enhanced diffusion and selective binding of BPA with functionalized amylose and fluorescent microgel via hydrophobic and π-π stacking interaction. Integrating reception elements with QDs facilitated nanoscale sensing and effective BPA diffusion. Additionally, the fluorescence sensing mechanism of these probes was merely based on the charge transfer in direct interaction, which increased the sensitivity and shortened the response time.
Utimitatly, the probes designed in this project performed excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and fast response via simple “fluorescence on” and “fluorescence quenching,” respectively. These two systems exhibited a considerably wide detection range (1.0×10-1-1.0×105 μg/L), low limit of detection (LOD, 3.0×10-2-7.0×10-2 μg/L), and rapid response time (2-5 min). Moreover, these fluorescent systems can directly detect the analyte in the field water without complicated pretreatment. Furthermore, both systems demonstrated selective sensing for BPA compounds over 5 other phenolic chemicals (phenol, pyrene, E2, 2,2-BPF, and 4,4-BPF). Besides, the preparation and sensing conditions were optimized for each sensor, and the sensing mechanisms were also validated during this thesis.

中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
Content iii
Table Captions vii
Figure Captions viii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Design Concept 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Dissertation Content 4
Chapter 2. Literature Review 5
2.1 Bisphenol A (BPA) 5
2.1.1 Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 5
2.1.2 Properties of BPA 6
2.1.3 Sources of BPA Contamination 7
2.1.4 Potential hazards of BPA 9
2.2 Functional Macromolecules for BPA Recognition 11
2.2.1 Amylose 11
2.2.1.1 Helical Structure in Amylose 12
2.2.1.2 Amylose-based Recognition Material 13
2.2.2 Chitosan 15
2.2.3 β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 17
2.2.4 Synthetic Materials 18
2.2.4.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) 19
2.2.4.2 Other Functional Polymer 23
2.2.4.2.1 Cu(0)-mediated Reversible Deactivated Radical Polymerization 24
2.2.4.2.2 Surface Functionalization with Polymers 27
2.3 Quantum Dots (QDs) 29
2.3.1 Preparation of QDs 30
2.3.1.1 Sol-gel Method 30
2.3.1.2 Co-precipitation Method 31
2.3.1.3 Hydrothermal Method 32
2.3.1.4 High-temperature Arrested Precipitation Method 33
2.3.2 Surface Modification of QDs 34
2.3.2.1 Inorganic Shell Passivation 35
2.3.2.2 Amphiphilic Surfactant Combination 36
2.3.2.3 Ligand Exchange 37
2.4 Sensors 39
2.4.1 Fluorescence-based Sensor 42
2.4.1.1 Fluorescence Quenching Sensing System 43
2.4.1.2 Fluorescence Enhancement Sensing System 47
2.5 Comparison and Summary 49
Reference 53
Chapter 3. Experimental Materials and Methods 68
3.1 Chemicals 69
3.2 Synthesis of QDs 71
3.2.1 Water-Soluble QDs (Cys-QDs) 71
3.2.2 Organic QDs (OA-QDs) 71
3.2.3 Modified QDs (Lcys-QDs) via Ligand Exchange 71
3.3 Preparation of Reception Materials 72
3.3.1 Functionalized Amylose (APS) 72
3.3.2 SG Copolymers 73
3.4 Construction of BPA Sensing Systems 74
3.4.1 Functionalized Amylose/QDs Probe (APS-QDs) 74
3.4.2 SG copolymers/QDs Fluorescent Microgels 74
3.5 Characterizations 74
3.5.1 Characterization Instruments 74
3.5.2 Quantum Yields (QYs) 75
3.5.3 Iodine Test for Amylose and APS 75
3.6 Detection of BPA 76
3.6.1 Sensing Test for APS-QDs 76
3.6.2 Sensing Test for Fluorescent Microgels 76
3.6.3 Determination of BPA by HPLC-PDA 77
Reference 78
Chapter 4. QDs-Based Probes for BPA Detection 79
4.1 Characterization of Various QDs 80
4.1.1 Water-Soluble QDs 80
4.1.2 Organic QDs 81
4.1.3 Surface Modification of QDs 83
4.1.4 Summary 85
4.2 Aptamer-Mimetic Probe Based on APS/QDs Composite 86
4.2.1 Functionalized Amylose (APS) 86
4.2.1.1 Verification of Amylose Derivatives 87
4.2.1.2 Iodine test for Amylose and APS 90
4.2.2 APS/QDs Composite Sensing System 91
4.2.2.1 Characterization of APS-QDs 93
4.2.2.2 Interaction with BPA and Sensing Optimization 94
4.2.2.3 Sensing Ability of APS-QDs for BPA and Other EDCs 97
4.2.2.4 Sensing Performance of APS-QDs in Various Aqueous Solutions 101
4.2.3 Summary 106
4.3 SG-Copolymers/QDs Fluorescent Microgels Sensor 107
4.3.1 Linear Copolymer (SG Copolymer) 107
4.3.1.1 Verification of SG Copolymers 108
4.3.2 Fluorescent Microgels Sensor 110
4.3.2.1 Characterization of Fluorescent Microgels 112
4.3.2.2 Optimization of Sensing 114
4.3.2.3 Influence of SG Copolymer Composition on Sensing 117
4.3.2.4 Sensing Mechanism of Fluorescent Microgels 120
4.3.2.5 Selectivity of Fluorescent Microgels 123
4.3.2.6 Sensing Performance of Fluorescent Microgels 126
4.3.3 Summary 132
Reference 133
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Perspectives 139
Appendix A 142

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