近年來大規模海嘯（Tsunami）事件頻傳，使世人開始關注海嘯所帶來之破壞力以及其科學與工程上之議題。在海嘯減災上，海岸植生消能法（Dissipation by the Vegetation）是重要且環保之手段之一。台灣地處於太平洋火環上，有遭受海嘯攻擊之危機，因此海岸植生對台灣海嘯災害之影響將是本文探討之重點。本文第一階段將以與海嘯湧潮（Tsunami Bore）有相似行為之潰壩湧潮（Dam-Break Bore）為研究主軸，以三維LES-VOF紊流數值模式進行模擬，並以實驗數據進行驗證與分析，以探討湧潮與複雜柱狀陣列結構物之交互作用。結果發現本三維數值模式能準確預測湧潮與結構物撞擊後所產生之飛濺碎波以及消能行為。
然而三維數值模擬相當耗時，因此本研究第二階段接續發展孔隙介質模式，希望將複雜但又均勻之植生結構物以孔隙介質取代。本文分析不同孔隙介質阻力模式於不同孔隙率之適用性，並設計實驗以供數值模式驗證，以發展適合之孔隙介質模式。結果發現海岸植生之孔隙阻力模式中，重要參數為孔隙率、流速與阻力係數，本研究據此發展適合大孔隙介質之阻力模式。模擬結果與實驗數據比對有相當優良之一致性。
本研究於最後階段進行台灣墾丁地區之海岸植生調查，並結合真實地形進行數值模擬，探討墾丁地區海岸植生對於馬尼拉海溝潛在大規模海嘯之消散作用。結果發現植生孔隙介質於海嘯上溯（Run - Up）高度、湧潮深入陸地之距離與湧潮退回海面之回溯（Run - Down）皆有影響。由計算出之流速分布圖可知，模式所設置之孔隙樹林介質確有阻滯水體而削弱海嘯能量之效果。比較無孔隙介質、孔隙率0.95之真實樹林介質與孔隙率0.75之自然樹林介質結果，將不同案例之結果進行比對並以無樹林案例為基準，當樹林較稀疏時（孔隙率=0.95），將會造成5.36 %上溯高度減少之消散效果，而當樹林自然生長時（孔隙率=0.75），將可減少23.21 %之上溯高度，由於距野外調查當地樹林密度所估計之孔隙率約為0.95，由模擬之結果可推斷目前之樹林情形相較於無樹林之情形，約可於海嘯事件中產生5.36 %之上溯高度消散效果。

Due to the frequent large-scale Tsunami events recently, attention has been drawn to the destruction brought by these events and the relevant scientific and engineering issues. Dissipation induced by coastal vegetation is an important and environment-friendly method for reducing the hazard caused by tsunamis. Due to locating on the Pacific ring of fire, Taiwan is under the threat of tsunami events. The present study focuses energy reduction caused by the coastal vegetation to the tsunami events in Taiwan. At first, the present study focuses on describing the bore behavior of dam-break cases. The experimental data are used to validate the numerical model, LES-VOF model. The interaction between a bore and a complex pillar array is presented. We found that the LES-VOF model is capable of precisely predicting breaking waves and energy dissipation that occur after the impact of the bore to the structure.
However, as considering the time-consuming issue on the 3D simulation, we develop a porous media model that aims at replacing the complex yet uniform vegetation structure with a porous structure. The applicability of different porous drag models with different porosities is analyzed, and validated with the experimental data. It is found that the simulation results and the experimental data are highly consistent.
At the last part of this study is to investigate the effect of energy caused by vegetation in Kenting area. A real-bathymetry numerical simulation is conducted, and a tsunami scenario which oriented from Manila trench is considered. The result shows that the dense vegetation will have significant effect on the maximum run-up height, inundation distance, flow velocity and maximum run-down. In this case, two porosities of the filed vegetation are considered. The result shows that run-up height of porosity 0.95 is increased by 5.36%, and porosity 0.75 is increased by 23.21%.

摘要I
AbstractIII
誌謝V
目錄VI
圖目錄IX
表目錄XII
第一章緒論1
1-1前言1
1-2研究目的與方法2
1-3本文架構3
第二章文獻回顧6
2-12004南亞海嘯植生消能案例6
2-2海岸植生消能方法回顧10
2-3孔隙介質方法及阻力模式之文獻回顧12
第三章模式說明與研究方法20
3-1LES-VOF模式簡介20
3-1-1統御方程式（Governing Equations）21
3-1-2流體體積法（Volume of Fluid, VOF）23
3-1-3大渦模擬（Large Eddy Simulation , LES）26
3-2孔隙介質方法與阻力模式31
3-3球體孔隙介質實驗設置34
3-4孔隙介質數值模擬設置35
3-5滲透係數選擇說明40
3-6海嘯能量與台灣海岸地形與樹林結構物模擬設置40
3-6-1海嘯波型態40
3-6-2COMCOT資料41
3-6-3研究範圍41
3-6-4墾丁野外調查資料43
3-6-5植生海嘯模擬設置44
第四章實驗與數值模式結果54
4-1三維非等相阻力柱列與二維孔隙介質之模擬54
4-2潰壩波撞擊球體等相均勻之孔隙介質實驗結果69
4-3孔隙介質實驗上溯高度與二維模擬結果73
4-4海岸樹林與孔隙結構物模擬二維模擬結果79
第五章結論與建議122
5-1結論122
5-2建議123
參考文獻125
附錄A、曾文水庫攔木設施模擬與介紹133
附錄B、高屏峽谷斷纜事件199
附錄C、LES-VOF模式介紹208
附錄D、數值模式設定檔（Input files）214
附錄E、口試書面答覆表231
 
圖目錄
圖1.1 斯里蘭卡地圖5
圖1.2 斯里蘭卡西南沿岸植生5
圖2.1 紅樹林（Mangroves）9
圖3.1 流體體積法之體積分率示意圖30
圖3.2 自由液面重建示意圖30
圖3.3 潰壩實驗之渠槽設計示意圖（正視）36
圖3.4 潰壩實驗之渠槽設計示意圖（俯視）37
圖3.5 潰壩實驗之渠槽止水條a、b之設計示意圖38
圖3.6 實驗用之球體孔隙介質近照38
圖3.7 孔隙率為0.3994之潰壩孔隙介質模擬自由液面圖39
圖3.8 馬尼拉海溝於規模8.2之可能發生海嘯溢淹深度潛勢（墾丁）49
圖3.9 南台灣墾丁植生照片50
圖3.10 海岸樹林及消波結構物對孤立波海嘯能量消散模擬設置示意圖51
圖3.11 海岸樹林及消波結構物對海嘯能量消散模擬示意圖52
圖3.12 模擬網格示意圖（未依比例）53
圖4.1 二維柱列孔隙介質模擬自由液面圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.30秒）59
圖4.2 二維柱列孔隙介質模擬自由液面圖（模擬時間0.95秒、1.20秒）60
圖4.3 二維與三維模擬之自由液面比較圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.30秒）61
圖4.4 二維與三維模擬之自由液面比較圖（模擬時間0.95秒、1.20秒）62
圖4.5 二維孔隙介質模擬之速度分布圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.30秒）63
圖4.6 二維孔隙介質模擬之速度分布圖（模擬時間0.95秒、1.20秒）64
圖4.7 二維孔隙介質模擬之速度向量圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.30秒）65
圖4.8 二維孔隙介質模擬之速度向量圖（模擬時間0.95秒、1.20秒）66
圖4.9 二維孔隙介質模擬之壓力分布圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.30秒）67
圖4.10 二維孔隙介質模擬之壓力分布圖（模擬時間0.95秒、1.20秒）68
圖4.11 球體孔隙介質實驗影片截圖（撞擊孔隙介質前）71
圖4.12 球體孔隙介質實驗影片截圖（撞擊孔隙介質後）72
圖4.13 孔隙率0.3994之模擬自由液面圖（模擬時間0.00秒、0.45秒）74
圖4.14 孔隙率0.3994之模擬自由液面圖（模擬時間0.60秒、0.90秒）75
圖4.15 孔隙率0.3994之模擬自由液面圖（模擬時間1.00秒、1.20秒）76
圖4.16 實驗上溯高度與二維模擬之結果比較圖（case A、case B）。77
圖4.17 實驗上溯高度數化與二維模擬之結果比較圖（case C）。78
圖4.18 無樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒、345秒）88
圖4.19 無樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間360秒、375秒）89
圖4.20 目前樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒、345秒）90
圖4.21 目前樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間360秒、375秒）91
圖4.22 自然樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒、345秒）92
圖4.23 自然樹林之海嘯模擬流速分布圖（模擬時間360秒、375秒）93
圖4.24 無樹林海嘯湧潮上溯最高之流速分布圖（模擬時間365秒）94
圖4.25 現況樹林海嘯湧潮上溯最高之流速分布圖（模擬時間372秒）95
圖4.26 自然樹林海嘯湧潮上溯最高之流速分布圖（模擬時間369秒）96
圖4.27 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒）97
圖4.28 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間335秒）98
圖4.29 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間337秒）99
圖4.30 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間339秒）100
圖4.31 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間341秒）101
圖4.32 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間343秒）102
圖4.33 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間345秒）103
圖4.34 無樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間347秒）104
圖4.35 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒）105
圖4.36 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間335秒）106
圖4.37 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間337秒）107
圖4.38 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間339秒）108
圖4.39 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間341秒）109
圖4.40 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間343秒）110
圖4.41 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間345秒）111
圖4.42 現況樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間347秒）112
圖4.43 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間333秒）113
圖4.44 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間335秒）114
圖4.45 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間337秒）115
圖4.46 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間339秒）116
圖4.47 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間341秒）117
圖4.48 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間343秒）118
圖4.49 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間345秒）119
圖4.50 自然樹林湧潮上溯接觸介質前流速分布圖（模擬時間347秒）120
圖4.51 樹林介質模擬之上溯高度比較圖。121
 
表目錄
表3.1 墾丁小灣植生調查表46
表3.2 墾丁大灣植生調查表47
表3.3 墾丁南灣植生調查表48
表4.1 文獻之 與 值比較58
表4.2 潰壩球體孔隙介質實驗結果70
表4.3 海嘯與樹林孔隙介質模擬結果85
表4.4 不同孔隙樹林介質情形之模擬結果比較86
表4.5 不同孔隙樹林介質情形之流速測計資料87

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